Vulnerabilities

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Hardware Exploits

PCIe man-in-the-middle attack

  • First done on 1.01 by failoverflow on PS4 launch !
  • Detailed at 33c3: 33c3 slides by Marcan
  • Permits kernel and userland dumping

syscon glitching

It is possible to glitch the syscon debug interface to allow access and dump keys. Originally done by an anonymous member of fail0verflow.

Aeolia/Belize SCA/DPA

Aeolia side channel analysis with differential power analysis has been shown to be able to recover key material on all PS4 models. Since Sony never used private/public key pairs, it is possible to exploit this and gain complete control over the southbridge. You can attack the main FreeBSD kernel from here.

WebKit/Userland Exploits

FW 6.20 - JSArray::shiftCountWithArrayStorage (CVE-2018-4441)

Credits

  • Lokihardt (from Google Project Zer0) for the exploit PoC (Oct 3, 2018)
  • Specter for the rewriting for PS4 (Mar 8, 2019)
  • St4rk for helping Specter

Analysis

  • bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1685

Bug Description

Exploit Implementation

  • github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-6.20-WebKit-Code-Execution-Exploit

Patched

Yes in 6.50 FW

FW 4.50-5.50 - haveABadTime Type Confusion (CVE-2017-7005)

Credits

  • Lokihardt (from Google Project Zer0) for the exploit PoC (Mar 20, 2017)
  • ALEXZZZ9 for the first PS4 implementation (on 5.01), and at same time for burning the exploit (Feb 20, 2018)
  • qwertyoruiopz for rewriting and porting to 5.05 and 5.50

Analysis

Project Zer0 Bug Description

Bug Description

When JSGlobalObject::haveABadTime() is called with arrays of a different JSGlobalObject type, type confusion can occur, leading to memory corruption.

Exploit Implementation

  • github.com/ALEXZZZ9/PS4-5.01-WebKit-Exploit-PoC
  • PS4 5.50 (WebKit Only)
  • github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-5.05-Kernel-Exploit/blob/master/expl.js

Patched

Yes in 5.53 FW

FW 4.50-5.01 - setAttributeNodeNS Use-After-Free (UAF)

Credits

  • Lokihardt (from Google Project Zer0) for the exploit PoC
  • qwertyoruiopz for the rewriting for PS4
  • Specter for the writeup

Analysis

Bug Description

By forcing setAttributeInternal() to call setAttributeNodeNS() twice, an attribute node reference will be added twice to the list. When one is free()'d, the second attribute still contains a duplicate stale reference, leading to a use-after-free (UAF) scenario.

Exploit Implementation

PS4 5.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit

Patched

Yes in 5.03 FW.

FW 3.50-4.07 - Stack Uninitialized Read (UAF)

Credits

  • Uses parts of Pegasus webkit exploit
  • Created by qwerty
  • Analysed by Specter

Analysis

Specter's 4.0x WebKit Exploit Writeup

Bug Description

Via a specially crafted valueOf() function of an arguments.length() function, non-zero indexes of the stack-allocated array are not initialized, leading to a stack uninitialized read. This can be abused to store a reference that can later be re-obtained post-GC (garbage collection) yielding a use-after-free() (UAF) situation.

Exploit Implementation

Patched

Yes in 4.50 FW

Tested

Works on 3.50-4.07. Maybe working on 3.15 after porting gadgets offsets. Not working on 3.00.

FW <= 3.70 - JSArray.sort() Use-After-Free (UAF)

Credits

  • xyz for the original exploit on PSVita
  • Fire30 for porting to PS4
  • Specter for improved PS4 playground

Analysis

  • ttps://blog.xyz.is/2016/webkit-360.html PSVita 3.60 HENKaku webkit exploit writeup

Bug Description

When attempting to update a vector via sortCompactedVector() - data is written based on a pointer, though the pointer isn't re-updated nor nulled. When this memory in free()'d, the reference is maintained and thus memory corruption can occur.

Exploit Implementation

  • ttps://github.com/henkaku/henkaku/blob/master/webkit/exploit.js PSVita 3.60 webkit exploit by xyz
  • ttps://github.com/Fire30/PS4-3.55-Code-Execution-PoC PS4 Playground 3.15-3.70 by Fire30
  • ttps://github.com/Cryptogenic/PS4-Playground-3.55 improved PS4 playground by Specter

Patched

Yes in 4.00 FW

Tested

3.15, 3.50, 3.51, 3.55, 3.70. Not working on 2.03.

FW <= 3.50 - WebCore::TimerBase::heapPopMin UAF (only crash)

Analysis

  • github.com/WebKit/webkit/commit/98845d940e30529098eea7e496af02e14301c704

Bug Description

"As of firmware version 3.55 a patch has been included to prevent a use-after-free segmentation fault from being exploited. This could have led to a ROP chain and code execution. It would have been cool if someone would have done some real research on it..."

Exploit Implementation

  • psxhax.com/threads/ps4-3-50-webkit-exploit-from-playstation-4-dev-qwertyoruiop.450/
  • psxhax.com/threads/ps4-heap-use-after-free-at-webcore-3-50-poc-by-hunter128.452/
  • wololo.net/talk/viewtopic.php?t=45888

Patched

Yes in 3.55 FW

Tested

3.15, 3.50

FW <= 2.03 - CSSSelector Heap Overflow (CVE-2014-1303)

Credits

  • Liang Chen of KeenTeam <@chenliang0817, [email protected]> for finding and documenting the bug
  • xyz for porting to PSVita 3.30-3.36
  • Fire30 for porting to PS4 <= 2.03

Analysis

Bug Description

By forcing addRule() to be called on a CSS Selector via window.getMatchedCSSRules(), a 1-bit OOB write can be achieved and leveraged to corrupt heap memory.

Exploit Implementation

  • ROP PoC for firmware 2.03 by Fire30: PS4 2.03
  • [hxxp://wololo.net/2016/04/21/proof-of-concept-webkit-exploit-running-on-ps4-firmwares-up wololo article]
  • Exploit for PSVita: vitasploit 3.30-3.36 by xyz

Patched

Yes in 2.50 FW

Tested

  • 2.03

FW <= 1.76 - JSArray.sort() Heap Overflow (CVE-2012-3748)

Credits

  • Vitaliy Toropov for the exploit on Mac OS X Safari (September 4, 2013)
  • nas and Proxima for the first PS4 POC on 1.76 PS4 (Oct. 23, 2014)
  • sony for patching the exploit in FW 2.00 (Oct 27, 2014)
  • CTurt for the rewriting (PS4 1.76 PlayGround) and implementation with his 1.76 kexploit (December 6, 2015) [1]

Analysis

Bug Description

By forcing the compare function to reduce the size of the array, trailing items will be written out of bounds (OOB write), leading to heap memory corruption.

Exploit Implementation

Patched

Yes in 2.00 FW

Userland securities

Userland ASLR

  • Very old firmwares (<= 1.05) don't have ASLR enabled, but it was introduced sometime before firmware 1.70. "Address Space Layout Randomization" (ASLR) is a security technique which causes the base addresses of modules to be different every time you start the PS4.
  • To defeat userland ASLR on FWs >=1.70, we can use the module imports table to find other modules address once we know SceWebkit2 address.

Module imports table cleaned before execution

  • Between 1.76 and 4.05, Sony did that to prevent webkit exploiters from defeating userland ASLR easily.
  • Now we have to dump entire userland sandboxed memory, and by studying it we can defeat ASLR:

1. Chose a function (ex: __stack_chk_fail) imported from LibKernel by SceWebkit2 2. Read pointer contained at the address where the call is done 3. Substract to this pointer the offset of the function (ex: __stack_chk_fail) in LibKernel module 4. This result is LibKernel base address. This method works for any imported module.

DEP / NX

  • "Data Execution Prevention" / "No eXecute" is enabled on all firmwares. It prevents allocating memory as both RW and RX at same time (RWX) so preventing us from writing shellcode to userland memory then executing it.
  • 2 ways to bypass this security: JiT vulnerability (FW <= 1.76) or ROP (all FWs).

JiT removed from webbrowser

  • On FW <= 1.76, you could map RWX memory from ROP by abusing the JiT functionality and the sys_jitshm_create and sys_jitshm_alias system calls. This however was fixed after 1.76, as WebKit has been split into two processes. One handles javascript compilation and the other handles other web page elements like image rendering and DOM. The second process will request JiT memory upon hitting JavaScript via IPC (Inter-Process Communication). Since we no longer have access to the process responsible for JiT, we can no longer (at least currently), map RWX memory for proper code execution unless the kernel is patched.
  • Workaround is to use ROP.

Syscalls removed

Syscall 0 disabled

  • Between 1.76 and 4.05, Sony has removed system call 0, so we can no longer call any system call we like by specifying the call number in the rax register.
  • We will have to use wrappers from the libkernel.sprx module provided to us to access system calls.

bpf_write function stripped out of the kernel

  • On 4.70, bpfwrite() was stripped out of the kernel entirely to patch kernel vulnerability exploited in 4.55 kexploit.

bpf_open function blocked for unprivileged processes

  • On 5.50, opening BPF has been blocked for unprivileged processes such as WebKit and other apps/games. It's still present in the sandbox, however attempting to open it will fail and yield EPERM. This aims blocking bpf exploits like the 4.55 and 5.05 kexploit.

Kernel Exploits

FW <= 5.05 - BPF Race Condition (Yielding Double Free())

Analysis

Specter's Writeup of the 5.05 BPF Race Condition

Bug Description

Again due to improper locking, two threads can enter the BPF "SETWF" ioctl command handler. While the bug is similar to that of 4.55, the method of attack is slightly different. Since write() was removed for BPF in 4.70, instead of triggering a use-after-free with write() - "SETWF" is ran in parallel via threading. Eventually, both calls will copy the same pointer to the stack, leading to both threads free()'ing the same pointer, poisoning the freelist. This can later be leveraged via heap spraying to corrupt heap memory to obtain arbitrary code execution in supervisor mode (ring0).

Exploit Implementation

PS4 5.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit
PS4 5.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit Source

Patched

Yes in 5.50FW

FW <= 4.55 - BPF Race Condition (Yielding UaF)

Analysis

Specter's Writeup of the 4.55 BPF Race Condition

Bug Description

Due to improper locking, two threads can enter the BPF ioctl command handlers for setting a new write filter (SETWF) and setting a filter (SETIF). Both threads will reference the same pointer. In specially crafted situations, one thread could free() this pointer while the other thread executes it as a filter post-validation. This allows an unprivileged user to obtain an out-of-bounds (OOB) write on the stack, leading to arbitrary code execution in supervisor mode (ring0).

Exploit Implementation

PS4 4.55 WebKit + Kernel Exploit
PS4 4.55 WebKit + Kernel Exploit Source

Patched

Yes in 4.70FW

FW <= 4.05 - NamedObj Type Confusion (namedobj - Adieu)

Analysis

fail0verflow's Writeup on the 1.01-4.05 Kernel Exploit
Specter's Writeup on his 4.05 implementation

Bug Description

Type confusion in the namedobj system once exploited can lead to an arbitrary free() allowing an attacker to craft a use-after-free() (UAF) situation to corrupt kernel memory. This can be leveraged to eventually obtain an arbitrary code execution primitive in supervisor mode (ring0).

Exploit Implementation

PS4 4.05 WebKit + Kernel Exploit

Patched

Yes in 4.06 FW

FW <= 1.76 - Dynamic Library Prepare Close (dlclose)

  • Discovered by CTurt. Privately implemented thanks to qwertyoruiopz. CTurt published a writeup then the exploit was publicly implemented by kR105 and on another side by Zer0xFF and Bigboss (psxdev).

Analysis

Analysis of sys_dynlib_prepare_dlclose PS4 kernel heap overflow (by CTurt with the help of qwertyoruiopz)

Bug Description

Integer overflow in the sys_dynlib_prepare_dlclose() system call can lead to a heap overflow causing memory corruption, allowing an attacker to obtain code execution in supervisor mode (ring0).

Exploit Implementation

Public release by kR105

Patched

Yes in 2.00 FW

FW <= 1.76 - BadIRET

Analysis

  • Ported from FreeBSD 9 to PS4 by CTurt.

Hacking the PS4, part 3 - Kernel exploitation (by CTurt)
NVD Bug Description

Bug Description

Faults associated with the stack segment (SS) register are not handled properly, allowing unprivileged users to trigger an IRET instruction that accesses a GS Base from userland memory, providing an attacker with a method of privilege escalation.

Source

CVE-2014-9322
Public binary

Patched

Yes in 2.00 FW

Implementation

(mirror)

Kernel securities

Kernel ASLR

  • At some point after the 1.76 FW, ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) was enabled in the kernel.
  • This means that to properly exploit the kernel to escalate privileges, an information disclosure vulnerability will most likely be needed to defeat ASLR and locate the kernel in memory.

Kernel SMAP

  • In 5.0x FW and above, "Supervisor Mode Access Prevention" (SMAP), a new custom mitigation was added to the kernel to prevent exploiters from pivoting the stack pointer into userland memory (attempting to do so will crash the system).
  • A new exploitation strategy is needed for running kROP (kernel ROP) chains, such as qwertyoruiopz method used in the 5.05 BPF kernel exploit:

We need to get our ROP chain into kernel memory. To do this, qwertyoruiopz decided to go with the method he used on the iPhone 7 - essentially using JOP to push a bunch of stack frames onto the kernel stack, and memcpy()'ing the chain into RSP.


Reverse Engineering
Dumps & Strings
Dumps
Strings
Communication
USB
Wifi/LAN
Keys, Commands & Digests
Emulation
System Modules
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