Kirk

The PSP KIRK Crypto Engine is a security hardware device that is embedded into the TACHYON main IC chip. It is a bus master and can DMA to/from main DDR RAM memory, operating independantly of the CPU. It is interfaced via memory mapped registers at base of 0xBDE00000 (SPOCK Crypto Engine on the other hand is mapped to 0xBDF00000). It is capable of performing AES encryption, decryption, SHA1 Hash, pseudo random number generation, and signature generation and verifications (ECDSA) and CMAC.

Most of the static keys used by the engine (plus the private key for Kirk command 1, which is not present on the chip) have been found through the PS3 hacks or glitching and can be found on the Keys page.

Invocation

All of the Kirk commands can be used using the function sceUtilsBufferCopyWithRange, which takes five arguments:

• the output buffer (if there is one, NULL otherwise)
• the output buffer size (if there is one, 0 otherwise)
• the input buffer (if there is one, NULL otherwise)
• the input buffer size (if there is one, 0 otherwise)
• the index of the command (as detailed below).

Elliptic curves

The PSP uses ECDSA for public-key cryptography. Elliptic curves are known for being fast and only requiring small keys, contrary to other public-key cryptography algorithms. They are still considered to be very secure, even for the 160-bit curves used by the PSP, unless a mistake is made when using them.

These curves have been designed by Sony only for the console. They are not vulnerable to any known attack.

Both use the usual Weierstrass form.

Elliptic curve for Kirk commands 1/2/3/0xA

This curve is used for the ECDSA verification of Kirk commands 1, 2, 3 and 0xA.

p = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0001B5C617F290EAE1DBAD8F
G = (0x2259ACEE15489CB096A882F0AE1CF9FD8EE5F8FA, 0x604358456D0A1CB2908DE90F27D75C82BEC108C0)
n = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00000001FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
a = -3
b = 0x65D1488C0359E234ADC95BD3908014BD91A525F9

The public key is hardcoded, and is equal to: (0xED9CE58234E61A53C685D64D51D0236BC3B5D4B9, 0x049DF1A075C0E04FB344858B61B79B69A63D2C39).

Elliptic curve for the other commands

This curved is used for Kirk commands 0xC, 0xD, 0xE, 0x10 and 0x11.

p = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFB5AE3C523E63944F2127
G = (0x128EC4256487FD8FDF64E2437BC0A1F6D5AFDE2C, 0x5958557EB1DB001260425524DBC379D5AC5F4ADF)
n = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00000001FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
a = -3
b = 0xA68BEDC33418029C1D3CE33B9A321FCCBB9E0F0B

These commands allow to do operations with any public key. For the latest Pre-IPL version which adds an additional ECDSA verification of the XOR of the block hashes, the public key which is hardcoded in the Pre-IPL is (0xBC660611A70BD7F2D140A48215C096D11D2D4112, 0xF0E9379AC4E0D387C542D091349DD15169DD5A87).

Code sample

Below is an example of how to manipulate these curves using the ecpy python library.

import ecpy.curves

psp_curve_cmd1 = {
    'name':      "psp_curve_cmd1",
    'type':      "weierstrass",
    'size':      160,
    'field':     0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00000001FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,
    'generator': (0x2259ACEE15489CB096A882F0AE1CF9FD8EE5F8FA, 0x604358456D0A1CB2908DE90F27D75C82BEC108C0),
    'order':     0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0001B5C617F290EAE1DBAD8F,
    'cofactor':  1,
    'a':         -3,
    'b':         0x65D1488C0359E234ADC95BD3908014BD91A525F9,
}

psp_curve_cmd17 = {
    'name':      "psp_curve_cmd17",
    'type':      "weierstrass",
    'size':      160,
    'field':     0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00000001FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,
    'generator': (0x128EC4256487FD8FDF64E2437BC0A1F6D5AFDE2C, 0x5958557EB1DB001260425524DBC379D5AC5F4ADF),
    'order':     0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFB5AE3C523E63944F2127,
    'cofactor':  1,
    'a':         -3,
    'b':         0xA68BEDC33418029C1D3CE33B9A321FCCBB9E0F0B,
}

crv1 = ecpy.curves.WeierstrassCurve(psp_curve_cmd1)
crv17 = ecpy.curves.WeierstrassCurve(psp_curve_cmd17)

pt1 = ecpy.curves.Point(0xED9CE58234E61A53C685D64D51D0236BC3B5D4B9, 0x049DF1A075C0E04FB344858B61B79B69A63D2C39, crv1)
pt17 = ecpy.curves.Point(0xbc660611a70bd7f2d140a48215c096d11d2d4112, 0xf0e9379ac4e0d387c542d091349dd15169dd5a87, crv17)

# verify the Kirk command 1 ECDSA private key
crv1_g = ecpy.curves.Point(0x2259ACEE15489CB096A882F0AE1CF9FD8EE5F8FA, 0x604358456D0A1CB2908DE90F27D75C82BEC108C0, crv1)
assert(crv1.mul_point(crv1.generator, 0xF392E26490B80FD889F2D9722C1F34D7274F983D) == pt1)

Slotted Keys

The KIRK ROM can access different keys which are slotted in what might be some kind of secure enclave. There are slots for both AES and ECDSA keys.

AES slotted keys

Id	Content	Do we have it?
0	KIRK command 0 (Kbooti from Devkit) decryption key	No
1	KIRK command 0 (Kbooti from Devkit) CMAC key	No
2	KIRK command 1 (IPL) decryption key	Yes
3	KIRK command 2 (DRM) decryption key	No
4~0x83	KIRK commands 4/7 decryption keys (128 possible ones)	Yes

ECDSA slotted keys

Note: public keys take two slots (for both coordinates), and private keys take only one.

Id	Content	Do we have it?
0/1	KIRK command 1 (IPL) public key (used to verify valid IPLs)	Yes (including the private key!)
2/3	KIRK command 2 (DRM) public key (used to verify data passed to KIRK command 2)	No
4	KIRK command 3 (DRM) private key (used by command 2 to sign data for command 3)	No
5/6	KIRK command 3 (DRM) public key (used by command 3 to verify data coming from command 2)	No

Per-console keys

Some Kirk commands like commands 16 and 18 use individual (per-console) seeds. The base per-console seed is the Fuse ID (6 bytes), which is transformed into a 0x30 bytes buffer ("key mesh"). This buffer is used to generate different keys depending on a seed.

Seed	Usage
0	Kirk commands 2 (encryption) & 3 (decryption) (the real encryption & CMAC keys are random, but this per-console key is used to encrypt them)
1	Kirk command 5 (encryption) & 8 (decryption)
2	Kirk command 6 (encryption) & 9 (decryption)
3	Kirk command 16
4	Kirk command 18
5	Unused
6	RNG buffer reseeding

typedef struct ScePspKeyMesh { // size is 0x30
    SceUInt8 aes128cbc_key_1[0x10]; // used by Kirk commands 5 & 8 and 16
    SceUInt8 aes128cbc_key_2[0x10]; // used by Kirk command 2 & 3, 6 & 9 and 18
    SceUInt8 derivation_key[0x10]; // used to derive the 2 other keys
} ScePspKeyMesh;

To generate the key mesh of a PSP, provided the Fuse ID (0xBC100090 and 0xBC100094 hardware registers), execute the following code.

void gen_psp_individual_seed() {   
  int i, k;
  ScePspKeyMesh seed;
  u8 subkey_1[0x10], subkey_2[0x10];
  rijndael_ctx aes_ctx;
  u8 fuseid[8];
  
  // Byte-reverse the Fuse ID
  u32 g_fuse90 = *(u32 *)0xBC100090;
  u32 g_fuse94 = *(u32 *)0xBC100094;
  fuseid[7] = g_fuse90 &0xFF;
  fuseid[6] = (g_fuse90>>8) &0xFF;
  fuseid[5] = (g_fuse90>>16) &0xFF;
  fuseid[4] = (g_fuse90>>24) &0xFF;
  fuseid[3] = g_fuse94 &0xFF;
  fuseid[2] = (g_fuse94>>8) &0xFF;
  fuseid[1] = (g_fuse94>>16) &0xFF;
  fuseid[0] = (g_fuse94>>24) &0xFF;
 
  rijndael_set_key(&aes_ctx, ids_master_key, 128); // set ids_master_key as AES key
  
  for (i = 0; i < 0x10; i++) // initialize the subkeys using the Fuse ID
    subkey_2[i] = subkey_1[i] = fuseid[i % 8];

  for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // encrypt first subkey three times, and decrypt second subkey three times
    rijndael_encrypt(&aes_ctx, subkey_1, subkey_1);
    rijndael_decrypt(&aes_ctx, subkey_2, subkey_2);
  }

  rijndael_set_key(&aes_ctx, subkey_1, 128); // set subkey_1 as AES key

  for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // encrypt 3, 6 and 9 times the subkey_2 to obtain the final keymesh
    for (k = 0; k < 3; k++)
      rijndael_encrypt(&aes_ctx, subkey_2, subkey_2);
    memcpy(&seed[i * 0x10], subkey_2, 0x10);
  }
}

The key mesh can then be used along with a seed to generate a key using the following algorithm:

void make_perconsole_key(u8 output[16], int seed, ScePspKeyMesh keymesh)
{
    if (seed & 1) {
        memcpy(output, keymesh.aes128cbc_key_2, 16);
    } else {
        memcpy(output, keymesh.aes128cbc_key_1, 16);
    }
    // Encrypt the result several times depending on the seed
    rijndael_set_key(&aes_ctx, keymesh.aes128cbc_derivation_key);
    seed = (seed / 2) + 1;
    while ((seed--) >= 0) {
        rijndael_encrypt(&aes_ctx, output);
    }
}

ScePspIndividualSeed

There is a 0x40-byte buffer, named here ScePspIndividualSeed, used in both PSP flashData.prx and in PS Vita cmep keyrings 0x601 and 0x602 (in endian swapped fashion). It is slightly different from the mesh buffer described above. Indeed, it is before applying the derivation_key.

Some Kirk commands like commands 16 and 18 use individual (per-console) seeds. The base per-console seed is the Fuse ID (6 bytes), which is transformed into ScePspIndividualSeed.

typedef struct ScePspIndividualSeed { // size is 0x40
    SceUInt8 derivation_seed_0[0x10]; // a seed used to derive final keys with derivation_key
    SceUInt8 derivation_seed_1[0x10]; // a seed used to derive final keys with derivation_key
    SceUInt8 derivation_key[0x10]; // key used to derive final keys from seed_0 and seed_1
    SceUInt8 fuse_id[8]; // endianness to precise
    SceUInt8 reserved[4]; // could be arbitrary but in practice always zeroed
    SceUInt32 hash; // the hash algorithm is in PSP Jig Kick flashData.prx
} ScePspIndividualSeed;

To generate ScePspIndividualSeed, execute the following code.

void gen_psp_individual_seed_hash(ScePspIndividualSeed *individual_seed) {
  byte bVar1;
  uint uVar2;
  int iVar3;
  byte *pbVar4;
  uint uVar5;
  uint uVar6;
  byte *pbVar7;
  uint uVar8;
  byte bVar9;
  int idx;
  int offset;
  byte *pbVar11;
  byte local_60 [80];
  byte m [16];
  uint uVar10;
  
  pbVar11 = local_60;
  m[0] = 1;
  m[1] = 0xf;
  m[2] = 0x36;
  m[3] = 0x78;
  m[4] = 0x40;

  offset = 0;
  do {
    pbVar4 = individual_seed + offset;
    pbVar7 = local_60 + offset;
    offset = offset + 1;
    *pbVar7 = *pbVar4;
  } while (offset < 0x3c);

  offset = 0x3c;
  do {
    pbVar7 = local_60 + offset;
    offset = offset + 1;
    *pbVar7 = 0;
  } while (offset < 0x40);

  offset = 0;
  do {
    bVar1 = *pbVar11;

    idx = 0;
    do {
      uVar8 = (uint)m[idx];
      iVar3 = idx + 0x40;
      uVar10 = 0;
      bVar9 = 0;
      uVar2 = (uint)bVar1;
      while (uVar8 != 0) {
        uVar6 = uVar2 << 1;
        uVar5 = uVar8 & 1;
        uVar8 = (int)uVar8 >> 1;
        if (uVar5 != 0) {
          uVar10 = uVar10 ^ uVar2;
        }
        bVar9 = (byte)uVar10;
        uVar2 = uVar6;
        if ((uVar6 & 0x100) != 0)
          uVar2 = uVar6 ^ 0x11d;
      }
      idx = idx + 1;
      local_60[iVar3] = bVar9;
    } while (idx < 5);

    idx = 0;
    do {
      pbVar7 = pbVar11 + idx;
      iVar3 = idx + 0x40;
      idx = idx + 1;
      *pbVar7 = *pbVar7 ^ local_60[iVar3];
    } while (idx < 5);

    idx = offset + 1;
    pbVar11 = local_60 + offset + 1;
    offset = idx;
  } while (idx < 0x3c);

  offset = 0x3c;
  do {
    pbVar11 = local_60 + offset;
    pbVar7 = individual_seed + offset;
    offset = offset + 1;
    *pbVar7 = *pbVar11;
    *pbVar11 = 0;
  } while (offset < 0x40);

  return;
}

typedef struct {
	unsigned char	buf1[8]; // 0
	unsigned char	buf2[8]; // 8
	unsigned char	buf3[8]; // 0x10
} SomeStructure;

uint gen_psp_individual_seed(SomeStructure *ss, byte *data_for_0x38, ScePspIndividualSeed *individual_seed) {
  byte bVar1;
  byte *dst;
  int idx;
  int j;
  byte *src;
  byte subkey_2[16];
  byte subkey_1[16];
  uint ctx[64];
  uint ctx2[64];
  
  AES_set_encrypt_key_2(g_ids_master_key, 128, ctx); // set g_ids_master_key as AES key
  AES_set_decrypt_key_2(g_ids_master_key, 128, ctx2); // set g_ids_master_key as AES key

  idx = 0; // initialize the subkeys using the Fuse ID
  do {
    bVar1 = ss[idx + ((int)(idx + ((uint)(idx >> 0x1f) >> 0x1d)) >> 3) * -8];
    src = subkey_2 + idx;
    dst = subkey_1 + idx;
    idx = idx + 1;
    *src = bVar1;
    *dst = bVar1;
  } while (idx < 0x10);

  idx = 2; // encrypt first subkey three times, and decrypt second subkey three times
  do {
    AES_encrypt_2(subkey_1, subkey_1, ctx);
    idx = idx - 1;
    AES_decrypt_2(subkey_2, subkey_2, ctx2);
  } while (-1 < idx);

  AES_set_encrypt_key_2(subkey_1, 128, ctx); // set subkey_1 as AES key

  idx = 0; // encrypt three times each one of the three first blocks
  do {
    j = 2;
    do {
      j = j - 1;
      AES_encrypt_2(subkey_2, subkey_2, ctx);
    } while (-1 < j);
    dst = individual_seed + idx * 0x10;
    j = 0;
    do {
      src = subkey_2 + j;
      j = j + 1;
      *dst = *src;
      dst = dst + 1;
    } while (j < 0x10);
    idx = idx + 1;
  } while (idx < 3);

  idx = 0;
  do {
    j = idx + 1;
    individual_seed.fuse_id[idx] = ss[idx];
    idx = j;
  } while (j < 8);

  idx = 0;
  do {
    j = idx + 1;
    individual_seed.reserved[idx] = data_for_0x38[idx];
    idx = j;
  } while (j < 4);

  gen_psp_individual_seed_hash(individual_seed);

  return 0;
}

typedef struct U64 {
	unsigned int low;
	unsigned int high;
} U64;

int CreateSomeStructure(SomeStructure *ss) {
	U64 fuse_id;
	int i;

	memcpy(&fuse_id, &g_fuse_id, 8);

	memset(ss->buf1, 0, 8);
	memset(ss->buf2, 0xFF, 8);

	memcpy(ss->buf3, &fuse_id.high, 4);
	memcpy(ss->buf3+4, &fuse_id.low, 4);

	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		ss->buf1[3-i] = ss->buf3[i];
		ss->buf1[7-i] = ss->buf3[4+i];
	}

	return 0;
}

uint gen_psp_individual_seed_helper(ScePspIndividualSeed *individual_seed) {
  SomeStructure ss;
  CreateSomeStructure(&ss);
  int data_for_0x38 = 0;
  ScePspIndividualSeed individual_seed;
  gen_psp_individual_seed(&ss, &data_for_0x38, individual_seed)
  return 0;
}

Or the following simplified reimplementation.

void gen_psp_individual_seed(ScePspIndividualSeed *individual_seed) {   
  int i, k;
  u8 subkey_1[0x10], subkey_2[0x10];
  rijndael_ctx aes_ctx;
  u8 fuse_id[8];
  
  // Byte-reverse the Fuse ID
  u32 g_fuse90 = *(u32 *)0xBC100090;
  u32 g_fuse94 = *(u32 *)0xBC100094;
  fuse_id[7] = g_fuse90 &0xFF;
  fuse_id[6] = (g_fuse90>>8) &0xFF;
  fuse_id[5] = (g_fuse90>>16) &0xFF;
  fuse_id[4] = (g_fuse90>>24) &0xFF;
  fuse_id[3] = g_fuse94 &0xFF;
  fuse_id[2] = (g_fuse94>>8) &0xFF;
  fuse_id[1] = (g_fuse94>>16) &0xFF;
  fuse_id[0] = (g_fuse94>>24) &0xFF;
 
  rijndael_set_key(&aes_ctx, g_ids_master_key, 128); // set g_ids_master_key as AES key
  
  for (i = 0; i < 0x10; i++) // initialize the subkeys using the Fuse ID
    subkey_2[i] = subkey_1[i] = fuse_id[i % 8];

  for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // encrypt first subkey three times, and decrypt second subkey three times
    rijndael_encrypt(&aes_ctx, subkey_1, subkey_1);
    rijndael_decrypt(&aes_ctx, subkey_2, subkey_2);
  }

  rijndael_set_key(&aes_ctx, subkey_1, 128); // set subkey_1 as AES key

  for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // encrypt three times each one of the three first blocks
    for (k = 0; k < 3; k++)
      rijndael_encrypt(&aes_ctx, subkey_2, subkey_2);
    memcpy(&individual_seed[i * 0x10], subkey_2, 0x10);
  }

  for (int idx = 0; idx < 8; idx++)
    individual_seed.fuse_id[idx] = ss[idx];

  for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++)
    individual_seed.reserved[idx] = data_for_0x38[idx];

  gen_psp_individual_seed_hash(individual_seed);

  return 0;
}

Commands

On PSP there are 19 Kirk commands. On PSVita, there are these 19 commands plus some new commands to support bigger keys (192 bits for example). See F00D commands.

Kirk commands are called with the same 5 arguments (outbuf, outbuf_size, inbuf, inbuf_size, service_number (which is the command ID)). Depending on the service number used, the expectations of the inbuf or outbuf vary and are detailed below.

Table

Command ID	Name	Short description	Input size	Output size	Used in	Uses perconsole key fuse based algo?	Uses slot key? (if yes, specify)
0	KIRK_CMD_DECRYPT_BOOTROM	Decryption of the psp devkit kbooti bootrom (no inverse)	encrypted kbooti size+0x12	decrypted kbooti bootrom size	tachsm.o	No	Slot0_AES_1_CMAC
1	KIRK_CMD_DECRYPT_PRIVATE	Super-Duper decryption (no inverse)	buf_size+0x90	buf_size	memlmd, mesg_led, bootrom	No	Slot2_AES_CMAC
2	KIRK_CMD_DNAS_ENCRYPT	Encrypt Operation for DNAS (inverse of command 3)	buf_size+0x90	buf_size	mesg_led	Yes	Slot3_AES
3	KIRK_CMD_DNAS_DECRYPT	Decrypt Operation for DNAS (inverse of command 2)	buf_size+0x90	buf_size	mesg_led	Yes	No
4	KIRK_CMD_ENCRYPT_STATIC	Encrypt Operation (inverse of command 7) (key=static)	buf_size+0x14	buf_size+0x14	chnnlsv, memab, openpsid	No	Slot4<->0x83_AES
5	KIRK_CMD_ENCRYPT_PERCONSOLE	Encrypt Operation (inverse of command 8) (key=per-console)	buf_size+0x14	buf_size+0x14	openpsid, chnnlsv, psheet since PSP FW 2.81 for PGD, ?openpsid for IDPS Certificates?	Yes	No
6	KIRK_CMD_ENCRYPT_USER	Encrypt Operation (inverse of command 9) (key=user-defined)	buf_size+0x24	buf_size+0x34	power, inside a kl4e blob, IPL (stage 2)	Yes	No
7	KIRK_CMD_DECRYPT_STATIC	Decrypt Operation (inverse of command 4) (key=static)	buf_size+0x14	buf_size+0x14	memlmd, mesg_led,chnnlsv, memab, openpsid, bootrom	No	Slot4<->0x83_AES
8	KIRK_CMD_DECRYPT_PERCONSOLE	Decrypt Operation (inverse of command 5) (key=per-console)	buf_size+0x14	buf_size+0x14	memlmd, chnnlsv, psheet since PSP FW 2.81 for PGD	Yes	No
9	KIRK_CMD_DECRYPT_USER	Decrypt Operation (inverse of command 6) (key=user-defined)	buf_size+0x34 (header + key)	buf_size	power, inside a kl4e blob, IPL (stage 2)	Yes	No
10 (0xA)	KIRK_CMD_PRIV_SIGVRY	Private Signature Verify (checks for private SCE signature)	buf_size+0x90	0		Yes	No
11 (0xB)	KIRK_CMD_HASH	SHA1 Hash	buf_size >= 0x14	0x14	memlmd, mesg_led, memab, chkreg, openpsid, bootrom	No	No
12 (0xC)	KIRK_CMD_ECDSA_GENKEY	ECDSA Generate Private/Public Key Pair	0	0x3C	memab, openpsid	No	No
13 (0xD)	KIRK_CMD_ECDSA_MUL	ECDSA Multiply Point	0x3C	0x3C	memab, openpsid	No	No
14 (0xE)	KIRK_CMD_PRNGEN	Pseudo Random Number Generation	0	0x14	mesg_led, chnnlsv, memab, semawm, openpsid	No	No
15 (0xF)	KIRK_CMD_SEED	Seed the Kirk internal RNG buffer	0x1C	0x1C	IPL	Yes	No
16 (0x10)	KIRK_CMD_SIGGEN	ECDSA Signature Generation	0x34	0x28	memab, openpsid (used for IDStorage Certificates ECDSA)	Yes	No
17 (0x11)	KIRK_CMD_SIGVRY	ECDSA Signature Verification	0x64	0	memab, memlmd, mesg_led, openpsid (checks for generated signatures, used for IDStorage Certificates ECDSA)	No	No
18 (0x12)	KIRK_CMD_CERTVRY	Certificate Verification	0xB8	0	openpsid, memab, chkreg (used for IDStorage Certificates AES-CMAC)	Yes	No

Command 0x0: decrypt kbooti

This command is only used by devkits to decrypt the kbooti, ie the devkit's Bootrom. It supposedly can only be run at a very early stage. The very short header is as follows.

Address	Size	Description
0x0	16	CMAC of the body, computed using AES slotted key 1
0x10	2	Size of the body
0x12	...	Body, encrypted using AES slotted key 0

The command is very simple and acts as follows:

1. Verify the command is run at an early stage
2. Read the body size and check it's non-zero
3. Verify the CMAC of the body using AES slotted key 1
4. While computing the CMAC, verify the body size didn't change
5. Decrypt body using AES slotted key 0

Commands 0x1, 0x2, 0x3 & 0xA: decryption and authentication

Overview

These three functions take very similar inputs, as they all do signature verification and decryption.

• Command 1 is used to decrypt the IPL blocks.
• Command 2 is used to decrypt DRMBB and reencrypt them using a (random key encrypted with a) per-console key to generate data to pass to command 3.
• Command 3 decrypts data encrypted by command 2.
• Command 0xA takes the same data as commands 1, 2 and 3 but only does the signature verification for the header (not for the body) and no decryption (or reencryption).

There are two versions of this service: AES CMAC verification, and ECDSA verification. They use the header section of the input buffer slightly differently.

In both cases, the total header length is 0x90. The 0x10..0x60 bytes depend on the signature mode.

Metadata Header Structure (Length 0x90):

Address	Size	Description
0x00	0x10	Decryption key, encrypted with another key depending on the command
0x10	0x50	Signature information, depends on the signature mode (see below)
0x60	4	Set to 1, 2 or 3 depending on the command
0x64	4	Bit 0 is 0 if block is AES CMAC-signed, 1 if it is ECDSA-signed Bit 1 is used by command 2 to determine if the resulting Kirk 3 block should be AES CMAC-signed (0) or ECDSA-signed (1)
0x68	4	Bit 0 indicates all input data (including the full header) should be wiped if the body signature check fails
0x6C	4	0 for retail version and 0xFFFFFFFF for dev versions
0x70	4	Length of decrypted data
0x74	4	Length of the padding after the header and before the real data
0x78	24	Unused

AES CMAC Version

Signature Structure (Length 0x60):

Address	Size	Description
0x10	16	CMAC key, encrypted with the the same key as the decryption key (at 0x00)
0x20	16	Header hash (CMAC)
0x30	16	Data hash (CMAC)
0x40	32	0

Verification process

The CMAC key at 0x10 is decrypted using a key which depends on the command and is the same as the decryption key at 0x00 (see below). It is decrypted using AES-CBC (so offset 0x00 is used as the IV).

The CMAC of the header from offset 0x60 and size 0x30 is computed. Kirk then checks the data size & offset (at 0x70 and 0x74) didn't change from what was previously read (possibly to avoid data being overwritten while being processed). The value is then checked against the value at 0x20.

If this fails, the command returns KIRK_HEADER_SIG_INVALID. Otherwise, except for command 10, it proceeds with the full data CMAC, computed from header offset 0x60 to the end of the body contents. The value is checked against the value at 0x30.

If this second check fails, and the LSB of 0x68 is set to 1, all the input data is wiped (set to zero's). In both cases, if the check fails, it then returns KIRK_HEADER_SIG_INVALID.

ECDSA Version

Key Header Structure (Length 0x60):

Address	Size	Description
0x10	0x14	Header ECDSA signature r
0x24	0x14	Header ECDSA signature s
0x38	0x14	Data ECDSA signature r
0x4C	0x14	Data ECDSA signature s

Verification process

The ECDSA version is slightly different. The header from offset 0x60 with size 0x30 is hashed and the header signature is verified. Similarly to CMAC, it then verifies values at 0x70 and 0x74 didn't change. It then acts similarly to the CMAC version with the data signature, including the possible data wiping.

Commands 1 & 3

Commands 1 and 3 work exactly the same. The only difference is that the ECDSA public key comes from slots 0/1 for command 1, and 5/6 for command 3. Also, the AES key, used for decrypting the decryption & CMAC keys, is a static key in keyslot 2 for command 1, and a per-console key with seed 0 for command 3.

1. Verify that the command mode at 0x60 matches the current command
2. Read the body size and data offset and verify that the body size is non-zero
3. Get or compute the AES key
4. Check the signature mode at 0x64, and check the header & the data signature as specified above depending on the signature mode
5. Decrypt the decryption key at 0x00 using the key from step 3.
6. Decrypt the data using AES-CBC with a null IV.

Command 2

Command 2 is a bit more complicated as it re-encrypts data for command 3.

1. Follow steps 1-5 from above, using key slots 2/3 for the ECDSA key and key slot 3 for the AES key
2. Copy the input header (including padding) to the output
3. Change offset 0x60 (command) to command 3
4. Change offset 0x64 to 0 or 1 depending on the second bit of the input value at 0x64 (which determines if the output of command 2 should be ECDSA or CMAC-signed)
5. Decrypt the body of the data similarly to commands 1 & 3
6. Generate a random key and encrypt it with per-console key (seed = 0), and store the result at 0x00
7. If in CMAC mode for the output, do the same for the CMAC key at 0x10 (encrypt using CBC mode and data at 0x00 as the IV)
8. Encrypt the body in CBC mode with a null IV
9. Generate a valid CMAC or ECDSA signature for the output. For ECDSA, this uses the private key stored in key slot 4 (and is the private counterpart of slots 5/6 used by command 3).

Command 0xA

Its behavior is very simple:

1. Determine if the input is data for command 1, 2 or 3 depending on the command mode. (If it is another value, return an error.)
2. Get or compute AES and ECDSA public keys depending on the command
3. Check the signature similarly to the other commands.

Commands 4~9: AES encrypt & decrypt

All these commands do AES128-CBC encryption/decryption with an IV equal to 0. The encryption operands take a header as an input along with the raw data, and generate encrypted data along with a header corresponding to the matching decryption command. Decryption commands output the raw decrypted data.

- Commands 4 (encryption) and 7 (decryption) use a one of the 128 keys stored in the Kirk chip and available on the Keys page, index being given by the keyseed field (which must be between 0x00 and 0x7F), with console-specific modifications for some keyseeds

- Commands 5 (encryption) and 8 (decryption) use a per-console key derived from the key mesh

- Commands 6 (encryption) and 9 (decryption) use a key derived from a random key and data stored at 0x14, the random key being encrypted with a per-console key so that command 9 can decrypt

In all cases, data is prefixed with a 0x14-byte long header (except for commands 6 and 9 where it is longer).

Address	Size	Description
0x00	4	Mode: must be 4 for encryption (commands 4/5/6), 5 for decryption (commands 7/8/9)
0x04	8	Unused
0x0C	1	Only used by commands 4/7: keyseed
0x0D	1	Submode: the 3 LSBs are 0 for commands 4/7, 1 for commands 5/8 and 2 for commands 6/9
0x0E	2	Unused
0x10	4	Size of the following data
0x14	16	Only for commands 6/9: additional key
0x24	16	Only for command 9: reencrypted encryption key

Commands 4/7

The behavior of these commands is:

1. Read the header
2. Verify the mode and submode match the current command
3. Read the body size and check that it is non-zero
4. Get the AES key at key slot 4 + <keyseed>. Command 4 can only encrypt with keyseeds 0..0x3F while command 7 can decrypt with keyseeds 0..0x7F.
5. Derive the key for some keyseeds using per-console parameters:
   1. If the key mesh's derivation key MSB is 1 and keyseed is in the 0x20..0x2f or 0x6c, 0x7b range, invert the bits of the last word (4 bytes) of the key
   2. If the keyseed is in the 0x27..0x2f or 0x73..0x7b range, XOR the first word of the key with the key mesh derivation key
6. For command 4, copy the input header to the output, just replacing mode 4 with 5, and encrypt the body from offset 0x14 using AES-CBC with a null IV and the key determined at step 5.
7. For command 7, decrypt the data and output it without a header

Commands 5/8

The behavior of these commands is identical to commands 4/7, except it uses per-console key computed from the key mesh with seed 1.

Commands 6/9

For both commands, steps 1-3 are the same as above, but differ afterwards.

Command 6 works like this:

1. Copy the 0x24-byte long header to the output, just replacing the mode from 4 to 5
2. Generate a random buffer and encrypt it using per-console key with seed 2. Write the result of the operation at 0x24.
3. Encrypt the random buffer using the key at 0x14
4. Use the result of step 3 to encrypt the data, then output it

Command 9 is the logical counterpart:

1. Decrypt data at 0x24 with the per-console key with seed 2
2. Reencrypt the data of the previous step with the key located at offset 0x14
3. Decrypt the data using the result of step 2 as a key

Command 0xB: SHA1

This command computes the SHA1 of the input. The input must be prefixed with a 4-byte header giving the length of the buffer. Output is 0x14-byte long.

Command 0xC: ECDSA key pair generation

This command generates a random private key and computes the associated public key. See above for the parameters of the elliptic curve.

This returns the following into the keypair buffer, of size 0x3C (each value is 0x14 bytes long):

• 0x00 - randomly generated private key
• 0x14 - Public Key point x value
• 0x28 - Public Key point y value

Command 0xD: ECDSA point multiplication

This command multiplies an elliptic curve point by a scalar. See above for the parameters of the elliptic curve.

Input (size 0x3c):

• 0x00 - scalar k
• 0x14 - point x value P.x
• 0x28 - point y value P.y

Output (size 0x28):

• 0x00 - point x value (kP).x
• 0x14 - point y value (kP).y

The result is a new point (x and y are each 0x14 bytes long).

Command 0xE: PRNG

This function takes no input and generates an ECDSA private key similarly to command 12, but without computing the associated public key. (This is basically getting random data, but within the range given by the order of the curve.)

Command 0xF: Seed RNG buffer

This function seeds the Kirk 32-byte RNG buffer used to generate all the random data coming from Kirk.

It takes as an input and output data of size 0x1c:

• 0x00 - 64-bit counter - increased by 1 in the output
• 0x08 - seed data (0x14 bytes long) - used for seeding as an input, and contains fresh reseeded data for the output

Seeding works this way:

1. Increment the input counter
2. Set the first 0x14 bytes of the PRNG seed to the input seed data, XOR'ed with a SHA1 of data coming from a true random number generator
3. Initialize the 32-byte RNG buffer to two empty words, and two words taken from the input data at offsets 0x00 and 0x04
4. Do a reseeding (see below)
5. Output the bytes contained in the first 0x14 bytes of the PRNG seed after the reseeding

Reseeding is then done by all operations requiring random data and works this way:

1. Encrypt RNG buffer with AES per-console key with seed 6
2. Set the last half of the PRNG seed (0x14 bytes) to the contents RNG buffer
3. Regenerate data with the PRNG

The functions requiring random data then use some parts of the PRNG state ("seed" (first 0x28 bytes of the PRNG state) or "result" (last 0x14 bytes of the PRNG state)) as random data to be used.

Command 0x10: ECDSA signature generation

This command generates an ECDSA signature of a SHA1 hash (0x14 buffer) using an encrypted private key. It is used to verify IdStorage IDPS certificates.

Input is:

• 0x00: 0x20-byte long encrypted buffer containing the private key
• 0x20: the message hash.

The output is a 0x28-byte long signature (r and s, both 0x14-byte long).

The private key buffer is encrypted with the per-console key with seed 3. The command simply decrypts it, verifies that the scalar is valid (non-zero and less than the order of the curve), and outputs the resulting signature.

Command 0x11: ECDSA signature verification

This command verifies an ECDSA signature. It is used to verify IdStorage IDPS certificates.

It takes no output, and takes as an input:

• 0x00: public key
• 0x28: signed message hash
• 0x3C: signature r
• 0x50: signature s

The result of the operation is given by the return value (0 on success, KIRK_ECDSA_DATA_INVALID on failure to verify the signature).

Command 0x12: verify certificate

This command verifies an AES-CBC-MAC (OMAC1) signature. It is used to verify IdStorage IDPS certificates.

This command has no output.

It takes as input a ids_cert_psp certificate read from IDStorage.

typedef struct ECDSA160_signature { // size is 0x28
   unsigned char r[0x14];
   unsigned char s[0x14];
} ECDSA160_signature;

typedef struct ids_cert_main_psp { // size is 0xA8
char data[0x10];
char pub_key[0x28]; // ?generated using Kirk command 0xC? sent to Kirk command 0x11 for verification
ECDSA160_signature signature;
char constant_pub_key[0x28]; // hardcoded constant, same in all PSP consoles but depends on the certificate index in ID Storage
char enc_priv_key[0x20]; // decrypted and verified by Kirk command 0x10
} ids_cert_main_psp;

typedef struct ids_cert_psp { // size is 0xB8
ids_cert_main_psp cert_data; // data input for generating enc_aes_cmac_hash
char aes_cmac[0x10]; // verified by Kirk command 0x12
} ids_cert_psp;

typedef struct kirk_command_0x12_input{
ids_cert_psp certificate;
} kirk_command_0x12_input;

It uses per-console key with seed 4.

Error codes

    0×00: Success
    0×01: Kirk not enabled
    0×02: Invalid mode
    0×03: Invalid header signature
    0×04: Invalid data signature
    0×05: Invalid ECDSA data
    0x0C: Kirk not seeded
    0x0D: Invalid operation (out of 1-18 range)
    0x0E: Invalid encryption keyseed
    0x0F: Invalid decryption keyseed
    0×10: Invalid data size (equals 0) (sign/cipher operations)

Code Samples

• [1]

• [2]

• [3]

• [4]

Open problems

• The private key corresponding to the latest version Bootrom public key is unknown.
• Keys related to Kirk commands 0, 2 and 3 are unknown. (See above for details.)
• The Kirk's internal PRNG is deterministic but its function is unknown.
• Elliptic curves have additional parameters specified in the code, which are unknown.