Editing Disc Identification/Serialization Data

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.

The edit can be undone. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, and then publish the changes below to finish undoing the edit.

Latest revision Your text
Line 56: Line 56:
== Serialization Data ==
== Serialization Data ==
=== Productcode ===
=== Productcode ===
<div style="float:right">
[[File:CD showing IFPI-Codes in detail - there is no BCA visible.jpg|200px|thumb|left|CD showing IFPI-Codes in detail - there is no BCA visible]]<br>
[[File:Blu-Ray Disc PS3 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Codes single layer.png|200px|thumb|left|Blu-Ray Disc PS3 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Code single-layer]]<br>
[[File:IFPI Mastering SID Code dual layers.png|200px|thumb|left|Blu-Ray Disc PS3 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Codes dual-layers]]<br>
[[File:Blu-Ray Disc PS4 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Code single layer.png|200px|thumb|left|Blu-Ray Disc PS4 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Code single-layer with IFPI logo]]
[[File:DVD showing CBA in detail - on the innerring is the IFPI.jpg|200px|thumb|left|DVD showing CBA in detail - on the inner ring is the IFPI]]<br>
[[File:Wii Disk showing CBA in detail - on the innerring is the IFPI.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Wii Disk showing CBA in detail - on the inner ring is the IFPI]]<br>
[[File:Wii Super Mario Galaxy PAL - showing IFPI - BCA and Angular Marks.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Wii Super Mario Galaxy PAL - showing IFPI, BCA & Angular Marks]]<br>
[[File:Wii Super Mario Galaxy PAL - BCA cropped.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Wii Super Mario Galaxy PAL - BCA cropped]]
[[File:BCA.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Complete inner ring from a Japanese PS3 Game Disc showing the Mastering Code together with the IFPI logo, the Matrix Code ([[Productcode]]) & the Toolstamp (in clockwise direction)]]
[[File:Angular Marks.png|200px|thumb|left|A sketch about the Angular Marks on a optical disc]]
[[File:Russian BD-ROM C3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Screenshot while reading a pressed Blu-ray Movie with Angular Marks]]
</div>
''Main article: [[Productcode]]''
''Main article: [[Productcode]]''


Line 68: Line 82:
==== Mastering Plant SID-Codes ====
==== Mastering Plant SID-Codes ====
'''Note:''' There were no distinctions between a single-layer and a dual-layer Game Disc pressed on DVD, UMD and BD. Furthermore both PS2 and PS3 Game Titles pressed in {{flagonly|AT}} Austria shares the same Mastering Code since Sony DADC Austria AG moved the stampers from Anif to Thalgau until the end of March 2013, independently that the Mastering Code differs between PS2 and PS3 Game Titles.
'''Note:''' There were no distinctions between a single-layer and a dual-layer Game Disc pressed on DVD, UMD and BD. Furthermore both PS2 and PS3 Game Titles pressed in {{flagonly|AT}} Austria shares the same Mastering Code since Sony DADC Austria AG moved the stampers from Anif to Thalgau until the end of March 2013, independently that the Mastering Code differs between PS2 and PS3 Game Titles.
<div style="float:left">
[[File:CD showing IFPI-Codes in detail - there is no BCA visible.jpg|200px|thumb|left|CD showing IFPI-Codes in detail - there is no BCA visible]]
[[File:Blu-Ray Disc PS3 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Codes single layer.png|200px|thumb|left|Blu-Ray Disc PS3 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Code single-layer]]
[[File:IFPI Mastering SID Code dual layers.png|200px|thumb|left|Blu-Ray Disc PS3 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Codes dual-layers]]
[[File:Blu-Ray Disc PS4 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Code single layer.png|200px|thumb|left|Blu-Ray Disc PS4 GAME IFPI- Mastering SID Code single-layer with IFPI logo]]
[[File:DVD showing CBA in detail - on the innerring is the IFPI.jpg|200px|thumb|left|DVD showing CBA in detail - on the inner ring is the IFPI]]
[[File:Wii Disk showing CBA in detail - on the innerring is the IFPI.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Wii Disc showing CBA in detail - on the inner ring is the IFPI]]
</div>
<div style="float:right">
[[File:Wii Super Mario Galaxy PAL - showing IFPI - BCA and Angular Marks.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Wii Super Mario Galaxy PAL - showing IFPI, BCA & Angular Marks]]
[[File:Wii Super Mario Galaxy PAL - BCA cropped.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Wii Super Mario Galaxy PAL - BCA cropped]]
[[File:BCA.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Complete inner ring from a Japanese PS3 Game Disc showing the Mastering Code together with the IFPI logo, the Matrix Code ([[Productcode]]) & the Toolstamp (in clockwise direction)]]
[[File:Angular Marks.png|200px|thumb|left|A sketch about the Angular Marks on a optical disc]]
[[File:Russian BD-ROM C3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Screenshot while reading a pressed Blu-ray Movie with Angular Marks]]
</div>


{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable"
Line 99: Line 97:
| Japan || BD || PS3 || IFPI 45** || on Top || IFPI L279<br>IFPI L280 || Bottom || Sony DADC Japan Inc. || {{flag|JP}} || Shizuoka - Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture ||  
| Japan || BD || PS3 || IFPI 45** || on Top || IFPI L279<br>IFPI L280 || Bottom || Sony DADC Japan Inc. || {{flag|JP}} || Shizuoka - Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture ||  
|-
|-
| Japan || BD || PS4 || IFPI 45** || on Top || IFPI L280 || Bottom || Sony DADC Japan Inc. || {{flag|JP}} || Shizuoka - Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture ||
| Japan || BD || PS4 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? ||  
|-
| Japan || BDXL || PS5 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? ||  
|-
|-
| North America || CD || PSX || IFPI 50**<br>IFPI 51**<br>IFPI 72** || Bottom || IFPI L330<br>IFPI L336<br>IFPI L424 || on Top || Sony DADC US Inc. || {{flag|US}} || IFPI 50** = Pitman, New Jersey<br>IFPI 51** = Terre Haute, Indiana<br>IFPI 72** = ? || <ref>Mastering Code is mirrored (probably printed from the bottom side as usual but the bottom from a PlayStation Disc is entire blackened). Also only those Game Discs with a silver-printed surface contains a visible Mastering Code (mostly '''Greatest Hits''' and a few Standard Games) because the area from the Mastering Code is covert with the Disc Cover from the actual Game itself.</ref>
| North America || CD || PSX || IFPI 50**<br>IFPI 51**<br>IFPI 72** || Bottom || IFPI L330<br>IFPI L336<br>IFPI L424 || on Top || Sony DADC US Inc. || {{flag|US}} || IFPI 50** = Pitman, New Jersey<br>IFPI 51** = Terre Haute, Indiana<br>IFPI 72** = ? || <ref>Mastering Code is mirrored (probably printed from the bottom side as usual but the bottom from a PlayStation Disc is entire blackened). Also only those Game Discs with a silver-printed surface contains a visible Mastering Code (mostly '''Greatest Hits''' and a few Standard Games) because the area from the Mastering Code is covert with the Disc Cover from the actual Game itself.</ref>
Line 114: Line 110:
|-
|-
| North America || BD || PS4 || ? || ? || IFPI L325 || Bottom || Sony DADC US Inc. || {{flag|US}} || Terre Haute, Indiana || <ref>see http://img849.imageshack.us/img849/5543/9vvd.jpg - Picture about the bottom inner ring from a North American PS4 single-layer Game Disc.</ref>
| North America || BD || PS4 || ? || ? || IFPI L325 || Bottom || Sony DADC US Inc. || {{flag|US}} || Terre Haute, Indiana || <ref>see http://img849.imageshack.us/img849/5543/9vvd.jpg - Picture about the bottom inner ring from a North American PS4 single-layer Game Disc.</ref>
|-
| North America || BDXL || PS5 || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? ||
|-
|-
| Europe || CD || PSX || IFPI 94** || Bottom || IFPI L553<br>IFPI L555 || on Top || Sony DADC Austria AG || {{flag|AT}} || July 1995 ~ July 2005 in Anif, near Salzburg || <ref>Mastering Code is mirrored (probably printed from the bottom side as usual but the bottom from a PlayStation Disc is entire blackened). Also only those Game Discs with a silver-printed surface contains a visible Mastering Code (mostly '''Platinum''' and a few Standard Games) because the area from the Mastering Code is covert with the Disc Cover from the actual Game itself.</ref>
| Europe || CD || PSX || IFPI 94** || Bottom || IFPI L553<br>IFPI L555 || on Top || Sony DADC Austria AG || {{flag|AT}} || July 1995 ~ July 2005 in Anif, near Salzburg || <ref>Mastering Code is mirrored (probably printed from the bottom side as usual but the bottom from a PlayStation Disc is entire blackened). Also only those Game Discs with a silver-printed surface contains a visible Mastering Code (mostly '''Platinum''' and a few Standard Games) because the area from the Mastering Code is covert with the Disc Cover from the actual Game itself.</ref>
Line 127: Line 121:
| Europe || BD || PS3 || IFPI 94** || on Top || IFPI LY23<br>IFPI LY24<br>IFPI LY25<br>IFPI LY26<br>IFPI LY27 || Bottom || Sony DADC Austria AG || {{flag|AT}} || <abbr title="Beginning with Master Discs (for internal researches) and later with Promo Discs (January/February 2006)">February 2005</abbr> ~ March 2013 in Anif, near Salzburg<br>April 2013 ~ in Thalgau, near Salzburg ||  
| Europe || BD || PS3 || IFPI 94** || on Top || IFPI LY23<br>IFPI LY24<br>IFPI LY25<br>IFPI LY26<br>IFPI LY27 || Bottom || Sony DADC Austria AG || {{flag|AT}} || <abbr title="Beginning with Master Discs (for internal researches) and later with Promo Discs (January/February 2006)">February 2005</abbr> ~ March 2013 in Anif, near Salzburg<br>April 2013 ~ in Thalgau, near Salzburg ||  
|-
|-
| Europe || BD || PS4 || IFPI 94** || on Top || IFPI LY24<br>IFPI LY25<br>IFPI LY26<br>IFPI LY27 || Bottom || Sony DADC Austria AG || {{flag|AT}} || September 2013 ~ in Thalgau, near Salzburg || <ref>see http://salzburg.orf.at/news/stories/2616253/ - Report about the Mastering plant from Sony DADC in Thalgau, Austria (in German Language).</ref>
| Europe || BD || PS4 || IFPI 94** || on Top || IFPI LY25<br>IFPI LY26 || Bottom || Sony DADC Austria AG || {{flag|AT}} || September 2013 ~ in Thalgau, near Salzburg || <ref>see http://salzburg.orf.at/news/stories/2616253/ - Report about the Mastering plant from Sony DADC in Thalgau, Austria (in German Language).</ref>
|-
| Europe || BDXL || PS5 || IFPI 94** || on Top || IFPI LY23<br>IFPI LY26<br>IFPI LY27<br>IFPI LY28 || Bottom || Sony DADC Austria AG || {{flag|AT}} || September 2020 ~ in Thalgau, near Salzburg ||
|}
|}


Line 151: Line 143:
After several ''Mother Disc(s)'' were created, it needs to create again ''negative'' copies to use them finally for replication. Those called '''Son Disc(s)''' (or '''stamper''') have already the same form like a retail Disc including the central opening and can be finally used for the replication process. Those ''stampers'' keeping their properties for ordinary five years, but even if some gets consumed, it's still possible to create copies from one of the ''Mother Disc(s)'' or even from the ''Father Disc'' itself, if needed.
After several ''Mother Disc(s)'' were created, it needs to create again ''negative'' copies to use them finally for replication. Those called '''Son Disc(s)''' (or '''stamper''') have already the same form like a retail Disc including the central opening and can be finally used for the replication process. Those ''stampers'' keeping their properties for ordinary five years, but even if some gets consumed, it's still possible to create copies from one of the ''Mother Disc(s)'' or even from the ''Father Disc'' itself, if needed.


==== Code Illustration ====
==== Code Explanation ====
Those codes are also detectable in the inner ring (outside the data section) nearby the [[Disc Identification/Serialization Data#Source Identification Code|Mastering Plant SID-Code]], with regional distinctions but with the same rule. Every code gets printed separately (with a hyphen between the codes from the ''Father''- and the ''Mother Disc''), while dual-layer Discs shares only the code from the ''Father Disc''. In spite of that, physical [[Game Titles]] released in Japan for both on the PlayStation 3 and [[Console Information|PlayStation 4]] contains the [[Productcode]] instead of a '''Matrix Code''' (which is a characteristic feature for the Japanese market using [[Productcode]]s and other catalogue numbers for serialization). This Code is also parted with a hyphen because of the same rule (but without any difference between single-layer and dual-layer Discs because there is only one [[Productcode]] printed two times on a dual-layer Disc). However, beginning with PS5 Discs, Sony began to print the [[Productcode]] together with the standard '''Matrix Numbers''' outside of the Japanese market as well.
Those codes are also detectable in the inner ring (outside the data section) nearby the [[Disc Identification/Serialization Data#Source Identification Code|Mastering Plant SID-Code]], with regional distinctions but with the same rule. Every code gets printed separately (with a hyphen between the codes from the ''Father''- and the ''Mother Disc''), while dual-layer Discs shares only the code from the ''Father Disc''. In spite of that, physical [[Game Titles]] released in Japan for both on the PlayStation 3 and [[Console Information|PlayStation 4]] contains the [[Productcode]] instead of a '''Matrix Code''' (which is a characteristic feature for the Japanese market using [[Productcode]]s and other catalogue numbers for serialization). This Code is also parted with a hyphen because of the same rule (but without any difference between single-layer and dual-layer Discs because there is only one [[Productcode]] printed two times on a dual-layer Disc).


{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable"
Line 164: Line 156:
| Mother || Female || style="background-color:#FFFFBB;" | Metal || style="background-color:#FF9090;" | Positive || style="background-color:#FF9090;" | No || [[Productcode]] || eight-digit code mixed with letters and numbers || four-digit code beginning with a single letter following by three numbers
| Mother || Female || style="background-color:#FFFFBB;" | Metal || style="background-color:#FF9090;" | Positive || style="background-color:#FF9090;" | No || [[Productcode]] || eight-digit code mixed with letters and numbers || four-digit code beginning with a single letter following by three numbers
|-
|-
| Son || Male || style="background-color:#90FF90;" | Metal || style="background-color:#90FF90;" | Negative || style="background-color:#90FF90;" | Yes || one-digit code with a number only || one-digit code with a number only || four-digit code with numbers only (filled with three zeros)
| Son || Male || style="background-color:#90FF90;" | Metal || style="background-color:#90FF90;" | Negative || style="background-color:#90FF90;" | Yes || one-digit code with a number only || one-digit code with a number only || four-digit code with numbers only
|}
|}


Line 176: Line 168:
| [http://img849.imageshack.us/img849/5543/9vvd.jpg] || Single-layer || North America || B4SS || - || 000710A1 ||  || 3
| [http://img849.imageshack.us/img849/5543/9vvd.jpg] || Single-layer || North America || B4SS || - || 000710A1 ||  || 3
|-
|-
| FIFA 14 || Single-layer || Europe || A0102211631 || - || A511 || || 2000
| FIFA 14 || Single-layer || Europe || A0102211631 || - || A511 || || 2000
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Killzone: Shadow Fall || rowspan="2" | Dual-layer || rowspan="2" | Europe || rowspan="2" | A0102222087 || rowspan="2" | - || A911 ||  || 6000
| rowspan="2" | Killzone: Shadow Fall || rowspan="2" | Dual-layer || rowspan="2" | Europe || rowspan="2" | A0102222087 || rowspan="2" | - || A911 ||  || 6000
|-
|-
| B911 ||  || 9000
| B911 ||  || 9000
|}
=== Toolstamp ===
Similar to the [[Disc Identification/Serialization Data#Matrix Number|Matrix Code]], the '''Toolstamp''' also defines an '''internal''' alphanumeric code system during the ''Mastering Process''. As the name implies, every Game Disc gets an additional stamper code which stands for the machine who reproduced the retail Game Disc using the [[Disc Identification/Serialization Data#Son|Son Disc]] as a template. It helps the Mastering Plant for faster troubleshooting when there are any errors reading from several retail Discs, for example. So they can replace and/or destroy the '''stamper'''. This is a common method when a '''stamper''' wears out, for example.
==== Examples ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable"
|-
! [[Game Titles|Game Title]] !! Layer-type !! Region !! Code Illustration !! Color !! Example
|-
| NAtURAL DOCtRINE || Single-layer || Japan || two-digit code with numbers only || Black || 04
|-
| [http://img849.imageshack.us/img849/5543/9vvd.jpg] || Single-layer || North America || three-digit code mixed with letters and numbers || White || A11
|-
| FIFA 14 || Single-layer || Europe || four-digit code mixed with letters and numbers || Black || 4A00
|-
| rowspan="2" | Killzone: Shadow Fall || rowspan="2" | Dual-layer || rowspan="2" | Europe || rowspan="2" | four-digit code mixed with letters and numbers || rowspan="2" | Black || 6A00
|-
| 2A00
|}
|}


Line 211: Line 184:
Sometimes blank recordable & rewritable discs (such as {{G|DVD}}-R/RW/RAM) also contains a BCA-Code, while Information about the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPRM CPRM] and other [[DRM]]-policies were stored.
Sometimes blank recordable & rewritable discs (such as {{G|DVD}}-R/RW/RAM) also contains a BCA-Code, while Information about the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPRM CPRM] and other [[DRM]]-policies were stored.


A Pre-recorded Media Serial Number (PMSN), located inside the BCA, can be stored on a {{G|Blu-ray Disc}} (but extremely unlikely on PS3/PS4 Game Discs because there was an idea from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_Association Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA)] during the early development stages from the {{G|Blu-ray Disc}} to avoid online functions (BD-Live) from Blu-ray Movies burned on recordable Media - but which was <!--// as [[User:Roxanne]] knows //--> never in use since BD-Live works also on recordable Media even when the {{G|AACS}} copy protection is fully removed).
A Pre-recorded Media Serial Number (PMSN), located inside the BCA, can be stored on a {{G|Blu-ray Disc}} (but extremely unlikely on PS3/PS4 Game Discs because this is a part from the {{G|AACS}} copy protection).


==== PIC Zone ====
==== PIC Zone ====
Line 230: Line 203:


=== Angular Marks ===
=== Angular Marks ===
'''Angular Marks''' are also a security measure to avoid piracy. It makes the difference that these Marks were located in the data area of a disc (outside the BCA). It works similar to the old Bad Sector copy protection, were the {{G|CD-ROM}} got pressed with zero-filled Physical Sector Numbers, which were unreadable for very old outdated optical disc drives without a RAW-writing function. Instead, the sectors are readable (error correction will fix the angular marks), but a special feature of the DVD controller allows recovering the bit-exact position and size of the laser mark. The result is then stored signed in the BCA, so that the reader can validate it. Since the laser marks are written after producing the discs, the marks cannot be as accurately as required to pass a given BCA. This method is used on the Nintendo GameCube<!--// and this is not GC devwiki.com ;) //-->, for example. This can be circumvented by placing strings of zeros in the actual bitstream, which - to the reader - look identical to an angular laser mark.
'''Angular Marks''' are also a security measure to avoid piracy. It makes the difference that these Marks were located in the data area of a disc (outside the BCA). It works similar to the old Bad Sector copy protection, were the {{G|CD-ROM}} got pressed with zero-filled Physical Sector Numbers, which were unreadable for very old outdated optical disc drives without a RAW-writing function. Instead, the sectors are readable (error correction will fix the angular marks), but a special feature of the DVD controller allows recovering the bit-exact position and size of the laser mark. The result is then stored signed in the BCA, so that the reader can validate it. Since the laser marks are written after producing the discs, the marks cannot be as accurately as required to pass a given BCA. This method is used on the Nintendo Gamecube<!--// and this is not GC devwiki.com ;)//-->, for example. This can be circumvented by placing strings of zeros in the actual bitstream, which - to the reader - look identical to an angular laser mark.


It is known<ref>see http://psdevwiki.com/ps3/ - AACS specifications and BD patents</ref> that [[Sony]] (Pictures Home Entertainment) use these Marks for their retail Blu-ray Movies to avoid illegal copies (which is easy to bypass), but there are no Information about the applicability on PS3/PS4 Game Discs pressed on BD-ROM.
It is known<ref>see http://psdevwiki.com/ps3/ - AACS specifications and BD patents</ref> that [[Sony]] (Pictures Home Entertainment) use these Marks for their retail Blu-ray Movies to avoid illegal copies (which is easy to bypass), but there are no Information about the applicability on PS3/PS4 Game Discs pressed on BD-ROM.
Line 263: Line 236:


=== Trivia ===
=== Trivia ===
* If you got horny about those pictures of the bottom side from a PS4 Game Disc:
If you got horny about those pictures of the bottom side from a PS4 Game Disc:
** ''CUSA-00002 (Killzone: Shadow Fall)'': [https://www.psdevwiki.com/ps4/File:idQLaJ6.jpg JPG] @ 4843x4915px - [https://mega.co.nz/#!wIUVCbzQ!UEzoF0W7q4cqpnawluiyGhP5bxk-jeiTcKPzAZsCoZQ TIF] @ 11758x11933px
* ''CUSA-00002 (Killzone: Shadow Fall)'': [http://i.imgur.com/idQLaJ6.jpg JPG] @ 4843x4915px - [https://mega.co.nz/#!wIUVCbzQ!UEzoF0W7q4cqpnawluiyGhP5bxk-jeiTcKPzAZsCoZQ TIF] @ 11758x11933px
** ''CUSA-00128 (FIFA 14)'':: [https://www.psdevwiki.com/ps4/File:x17Uz8M.jpg JPG] @ 3686x3633px - [https://mega.co.nz/#!lQUhXS5a!e7tO0Wfe0Fk0wot9sK4D_Qa9PWgFBC2beNo8xZdbW_Q TIF] @ 12166x11990px
* ''CUSA-00128 (FIFA 14)'':: [http://i.imgur.com/x17Uz8M.jpg JPG] @ 3686x3633px - [https://mega.co.nz/#!lQUhXS5a!e7tO0Wfe0Fk0wot9sK4D_Qa9PWgFBC2beNo8xZdbW_Q TIF] @ 12166x11990px
* http://killscreendaily.com/articles/heres-why-marilyn-mansons-latest-album-distributed-playstation-disc/
* When burning a PlayStation 4 Game Title on BD-R (not sure if a BD-RE works too) and inserting it in the PlayStation 4, the system will display that the "''Disc is not supported on this device''" (CE-34876-8 with the question mark logo). If you try to start the Game from the Menu, which has the same Files you burned on your BD-R, the "smooth blending" appears for approximately 0.5 seconds and then it says that "''There is no disc inserted''" (CE-33191-7). If you try to start any other Game which doesn't share the same Files burned on your BD-R, it will immediately say that the "''Wrong Disc is inserted''" (CE-34867-8 - but which seems that this last Error Code is normal since this gets displayed even when you inserting a BDMV in the PlayStation 4). This "smooth blending" appears only at the first try but if you remove and insert the Disc again, or restarting the PlayStation 4, the same effect will happen again. Also after trying to start the Game from BD-R, the Game will jump on the left side from the Menu, as the same happens when you play a Game normally from a PS4 BD-ROM (showing the Game which was played at last).


=== References ===
=== References ===
Please note that all contributions to PS4 Developer wiki are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2 (see PS4 Developer wiki:Copyrights for details). If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!

To protect the wiki against automated edit spam, we kindly ask you to solve the following hCaptcha:

Cancel Editing help (opens in new window)